The literature

One of the earliest peer-reviewed treatments — frames blockchain as the missing accountability layer for waqf institutions.

Argues distributed ledgers can revive idle waqf assets, cut transaction costs, and improve governance of cash waqf.

Qualitative case studies of Malaysian university waqf administrators, through institutional theory and Islamic institutional logic.

Connects on-chain waqf governance to the UN Sustainable Development Goals agenda.

A fiqh-grounded primer urging governments to adopt blockchain for awqāf administration.

The national waqf board's own journal on chain adoption — the regulator's perspective.

Blockchain as an accountability instrument for wakaf, from the Indonesian social-science side.

The SLR of the field — what has been tried, what worked, and where the gaps remain.

How self-executing contracts can mobilize cash waqf collection at scale under structured, supervised management.

Targets the opacity, accountability gaps, and inefficiency of traditional cash waqf systems.

Concludes blockchain aids management of movable and immovable waqf assets while minimizing data manipulation.

Proposes a reference architecture for registering deeds and tracking disbursements on-chain.

Designs a blockchain crowdfunding model specifically for family (ahli) waqf.

Applies on-chain cash waqf to a concrete beneficiary class: religious school education.

Extends the ledger beyond waqf into the full Islamic estate: wills, inheritance, and endowment.

Explores NFTs as unique, verifiable certifications of waqf assets — endowing the digital itself.

Smart sukuk as the yield engine — the instrument class a locked waqf corpus can be deployed into.

Blossom Finance, Finterra, and Wethaq as case studies of chain-issued Islamic instruments.

Surveys how fund-level waqf management changes when the ledger becomes the source of truth.

Case study of the first commercial attempt at a dedicated waqf chain — its design and its lessons.

Positions waqf-fintech convergence as an engine for inclusive socio-economic development.

Maps the entire research field — who is publishing, where, and which themes are accelerating.

A governance framework spanning blockchain, AI, and IoT for next-generation awqāf.

Applied study: blockchain waqf as sustainable funding for Islamic boarding-school education.

Cross-platform case study of live sharia crowdfunding — mobile, blockchain, and big data.

Maps the waqf-tech publication landscape across journals and years.

Positions ledger-verified waqf/zakat registries as infrastructure for climate finance at scale.

UNDP × Badan Wakaf Indonesia on kitawakaf.com — blockchain waqf crowdfunding at national scale.

The field's first dedicated global convening of scholars, regulators, and builders.

Industry survey of programmable endowments, tokenized real estate, and automated disbursement.

A practitioner's blueprint for a waqf-native chain economy.

A live experiment in on-chain waqf giving.